Peace, Not War

Good morning folks,

I wonder how many of our politicians and generals heed these famous words of the past president, Dwight D. Eisenhower. Some may but sometimes it seems we are headed toward the agonies of future battlefields as stated by Mr. Eisenhower. I think of all the relatives I have lost on the battlefield, several of whom won this Nation’s highest honor, the Congressional Medal of Honor. I’ve managed to live through several conflicts but don’t speak much of them, as the old time warriors told me not to. There was no honor in that kind of fighting is what they told me. There was honor in the touching of an enemy before killing him, and there was greater honor in keeping the peace, than breaking it.

I honor all those who stand ready to fight for us today, because they had nothing to do with that decision, but still stand ready. That takes courage and trust, not in America’s current leaders, but in our own Neshnabe values. I would join you that are there at the front, but they say I am too old now, so I’ll stand ready to pray for ya all.

Neaseno…..

In today’s excerpt – three days before he departed the White House, Dwight Eisenhower gave a brief speech that has become regarded as one of our nation’s finest. In it he noted that after each war before World War II, America’s military had been significantly downsized if not effectively disbanded. After World War II, this policy changed, and for the first time America had a vast army in place during a time of peace. While reminding citizens that there would always be crises in the world, Eisenhower nonetheless expressed concern that this large military might exercise undue influence on U.S. policy, and further reminded the country that the military should be subject to the guidance of its citizenry. Though he had faced Adolf Hitler, he voiced a profound preference for “the conference table” as opposed to “the certain agony of the battlefield,” and for “trust and respect” in preference to “fear and hate.” He lived out this preference as President by resisting involvement in wars in Egypt and beyond. He further expressed a concern about deficits, counseling that Americans “must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow.” Here are brief passages from this speech:

“Crises there will continue to be. In meeting them, whether foreign or domestic, great or small, there is a recurring temptation to feel that some spectacular and costly action could become the miraculous solution to all current difficulties. A huge increase in newer elements of our defense; development of unrealistic programs to cure every ill in agriculture; a dramatic expansion in basic and applied research — these and many other possibilities, each possibly promising in itself, may be suggested as the only way to the road we wish to travel.

“But each proposal must be weighed in the light of a broader consideration: the need to maintain balance in and among national programs — balance between the private and the public economy, balance between cost and hoped for advantage — balance between the clearly necessary and the comfortably desirable; balance between our essential requirements as a nation and the duties imposed by the nation upon the individual; balance between actions of the moment and the national welfare of the future. Good judgment seeks balance and progress; lack of it eventually finds imbalance and frustration.

“The record of many decades stands as proof that our people and their government have, in the main, understood these truths and have responded to them well, in the face of stress and threat. But threats, new in kind or degree, constantly arise. …

“A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction.

“Our military organization today bears little relation to that known by any of my predecessors in peacetime, or indeed by the fighting men of World War II or Korea.

“Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations.

“This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every State house, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society.

“In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.

“We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.. …

“Another factor in maintaining balance involves the element of time. As we peer into society’s future, we — you and I, and our government — must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow. We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without risking the loss also of their political and spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations to come, not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow.

“Down the long lane of the history yet to be written America knows that this world of ours, ever growing smaller, must avoid becoming a community of dreadful fear and hate, and be instead, a proud confederation of mutual trust and respect.

“Such a confederation must be one of equals. The weakest must come to the conference table with the same confidence as do we, protected as we are by our moral, economic, and military strength. That table, though scarred by many past frustrations, cannot be abandoned for the certain agony of the battlefield.”

Author: Dwight David Eisenhower
Title: Farewell Address
Date: January 17, 1961

Some Verbs

Verbs of saying

Kedot   (ai)  say

Yajmod (ai)  tell

Yajdot  (ti)  tell of s.t. to s.o.

Yajdonawat (ti) they tell of s.t.to s.o.

Widmat  (ta)  tell s.t.s.o.

Wawidmat   (ta)  promise s.o. s.t.

Natewat   (ta) ask s.o.s.t.

Verbs of belief

Debwetek   (ai)  believe

I ye I debwetek etowat eshketowat I bemadzewen.

Debwetagwzet  (ti) sounds believable h/s does

Hau edebwetagwzet o shkenwe eyajmot wnago.

Debwewendek  (ti)  believe in s.t.

Gishpen pene ezhyayek zhi mendokaswen debwewendek etoyek.

Debwewenmat   (ta)  believe in s.o.

Egi byeyajmot wnago I ye egi debwewenmat o nene.

Nendek   (ai)  think a certain way

Ik she ye I enendek o kewezi.

Nendek   (ti)  think a certain way of s.t.

Jayek ga zhechkewat zhi I ye enendek o kwe.

Nendan (ti) think of something

Wegni je enendan I zhechkewen?

Nenma  (ta) think of s.o.

Hau pene ezheckewziyan  I ye o kwe nde nenma.

Nenmat  (ta)  think a certain way of s.o.

Pene she epabmadzet o wgwesen I ye enenmat gewinwa.

Verbs of doubt

Yawneyendek  (ai)  not believe 

Cho she wgi yawneyendek o kcheni egi yajmot o gigabe

Yagwneyendek  (ti)  not believe of s.t.

Cho she wgi yagwneyendek gi kekyajek i yajmowen

Yagwneyenmat  (ta)  not believe of s.o.

Cho wika wgi yagwneyenmat o kwe egi yajmot o nene

Verbs of pretending

Zhewebzikazot   (ai)  pretend to be thus

Cho she ndebwetasi o gigabe ma shna zhewebzikazot

Wyezh’at  (ai)  fool

Gechwa she wyezh’at o nene

Wyezhmat  (ta)  fool s.o.  (into thinking)

Wgi wyezhmat o gigabe se o kcheni

Verbs of emotion

Gisadendek   (ai)  be sorry

*Gisadendek  (ti)  be sorry about s.t.

Gisadenmat  (ta)  be sorry about s.o.

Myanendek  (ai)  be sad

Myanendek  (ti)  be sad about s.t.

Myanenmat  (ta)  be sad about s.o.

*Mnewendek  (ai) be glad

*Mnewendek   (ti)  be glad about s.t.

Mnewenmat   (ta)  be glad about s.o.

Gshkonwezet   (ai)  be surprised

Gshkonwendek  (ti)  be surprised at s.t.

Gshkonwenmat  (ta)  be surprised at s.o.

Nshkadzet  (ai)  be angry

Nshkadendek  (ai)  be angry

Nshkadendek   (ti) be angry about s.t

Nshkadenmat   (ta)  be angry/toward s.o. or about s.o.

Verbs of knowing

Gkendek  (ti)  know s.t.

Gkenmat  (ta) know s.o.

Mkek  (ti)  discover s.t.

Mkewat  (ta) discover s.t.

Minawendek   (ai)  realize

Minawendek  (ti)  realize s.t.

Minawenmat  (ta)  realize of s.o.

Mikwendek  (ai) find out

Mikwendek  (ti) find out about s.t.

Mikwendemat (ta)  find out about s.o.

Wnendek  (ai)  forget

Wnendek  (ti) forget s.t.

Wnenmat  (ta)  forget s.o.

Napwek  (ai)  dream

Napwedek (ti) dream of s.t.

Napwanat  (ta) dream of s.o.

Nabjeget  (ai)  see things

Nabdek  (ti)  see s.t.

Nabmat  (ta)  see s.o.

Nodaget  (ai)  hear things

Nodek  (ti)  hear s.t.

Nodwat  (ta)  hear s.o.

Verbs of fearing

Gwtek  (ti)  fear, be afraid of s.t.

Gwsat  (ta)  fear, be afraid of s.o.

*Wdetendek  (ti)  worry about s.t.

Wdetenmat  (ta)  worry about s.o.

Nagazet   (ai)  be anxious

Verbs of desiring

Ndewendek  (ai)  desire, want

Ndewendek  (ti)  desire, want s.t.

Ndewenmat   (ta)  desire, want s.o.

Verbs of manipulation

Wikwzomat  (ta)  persuade s.o.

Yanme’at  (ta)  threaten s.o.

Widmewat  (ta)  tell s.o. to do s.t.

Bgednat  (ta)  let s.o. do s.t., allow

Ndojget  (ai)  request things, ask

Verbs of ability/achievement

Gshketot   (ti)  be able to do s.t.

Gshke’at  (ta)  be able to do s.t., with respect to s.o.

Verbs of avoidance/failure

Zhagwenmot  (ai)  avoid doing s.t.

Yanwewzet  (ai)  fail to do s.t.

Verbs of perception

Wabdek  (ti)  see s.t.

Wabmat  (ta)  see s.o.

Wawabdek  (ti)  watch s.t.

Wawabmat  (ta) watch s.o.

Nodek  (ti) hear s.t.

Nodwat  (ta)  hear s.o.

Mosh’ek  (ti)  feel s.t.

Mosh’at  (ta)  feel s.o.

There are many more verbs of this type…..we are only examining a few of the listed ones to become familiar with them….

Just some words

Everyday Words – Egmegishek kedwenen

Daily Activities – ezhechkeyak egmegishek

Dokin

Bzegwin

Gzingwégen

Gzinjengen

Biskonyén

Bisken mkesnen

Mnogizhget

Gzhebawisnewen

Nawkwéwisnewen

Nebgeshwisnewen

Binjegén

Mnésjegén

Wi ne mban

Time words – Piwen kedwenen

Nebgeshet o gizes

Nebgeshmok

Pkonyak

Dbeket

Wikadbeket

Giskbeknyak

Dbekok

Gezhép

Bozhgeshep

Gzheba

Waben

Weyabek              the next morning

Waseyabek          as the sun’s rays appear

Aptewaben

Wikawaben

Nawkwék

Gizhnawkwék

Aptegizhnawkwék

Wika gizhnawkwék

Abtadbeket

Bwamsheabtadbeket

Personal items – I ye node ndebendan

Msenegen

Msenakagen

Msenaksegen

Shkemot

Wiwkwan

Déswiwkwan

Biskewagen

Gokmedasen

Mkesen

Mkesnen

Gbedi

Bitogbediyen

Binakwan

Gashkawen

Mjegodé

Nebyégenatek

Food and eating – wisnewen mine ewisneyak

Wisnewen

Mijem

Pkwézhgen

Ziwtagen

Waskek

Zisbakwet

Penyék

Menomin

Wawen

Wawnon

Shegagoshek

Washkpekgakwen

Washpegasnen

Pkwézhgegasnen

Dopwen

Jibtebwen

Wnagen

Wnagas

Kwabgen

Kwabgas

Kek

Kekos

Koman

Emkwan

Bdekjigen

Wjanda

Gisen

Giswa

Gigeno

Zaskokwana

Zaskokwadan

Bodakwe

Mkwemiswen

Mkwemitaswen

Zaskokwan

Kwébjegen

Zdayabogen

Zaskokwadék

Kapsek

Dékyak

Relatives and Friends – Ndenwémagnedok

N’os

G’os

W’osen

N’gyé

Ggyé

Wgyéyen

Nmeshomes

Gmeshomes

Wmeshomsen

N’okmes

G’okmes

W’okmesen

Mezodan

Getsimnan

Getsimnanek

Shimé

Noshé

Nshegwes

Ndewéma

Nsezé

Nijanes

Ndanes

Neagnekwé

Neangesh

Nshenes

Noses

Noseme

Negwnes

Nzhemes

Ndenwémagen

Nidgeko

Nmesé

Nzheshé

Nitawes

Nmeshomseben

N’okmesben

N’osben

Ngyében

How to talk

Neangedon- Know how to talk

1. Cho neangedosiyan odo pi

I don’t know how to talk at this time.

2. Cho neangedosiyen odo pi

You don’t know how to talk at this time

3. Cho neangedosit odo pi

He/ she doesn’t know how to talk at this time.

4. Cho nneangedosimen odo pi

We(-) don’t know how to talk at this

5. Cho gneangedosimen odo pi

We (+) don’t know how to talk at this time.

6. Cho gneangedosim odo pi.

You all don’t know how to talk at this time.

7. Cho neangedosiwat odo pi.

They don’t how to talk at this time.

Bon angedon  stop talking/to be prevented from talking

1. Cho nwi bon angedosiyan      (iw pi ezhyayan zhi)

I won’t stop talking or I won’t be prevented from talking.

2. Cho gwi bon angedosiyen     (iw pi ezhyayen zhi)

You won’t be prevented from talking or you won’t stop talking

3. Cho wi bon angedosit    (iw pi ezhyet zhi)

He/she won’t be prevented from talking or h/s won’t stop talking.

4. Cho nwi bon angedosimen   (iw pi ezhyayek zhi)

We (-) won’t be prevented from talking or We (-) won’t stop talking.

5. Cho gwi bon angedosimen.  (iw pi ezhayygo zhi)

We (+)  won’t be prevented from talking or we (+)won’t stop talking.

6. Cho gwi bon angedosim  (iw pi ezhyayek zhi)

You all won’t be prevented from talking or you all won’t stop talking.

7. Cho wi bon angedosiwat.  (iw pi ezhyewat zhi)

They won’t be prevented from talking or They won’t stop talking.

Demangedon-busy talking

1. Ngi demangedoyan wnago

I was busy talking yesterday

2. Ggi demangedoyen wnago

You were busy talking yesterday.

3. Gi demangedot wnago.

H/s was busy talking yesterday.

4. Ngi demangedomen wnago

We(-) were busy talking yesterday.

5. Ggi demangedomen wnago.

We (+) were busy talking yesterday.

6. Ggi demangedom wnago.

You all were busy talking yesterday.

7. Gi demangedowat wnago.

They were busy talking yesterday.

Zhiangedon-talking fast

1. Nde zhi angedoyan

I am talking fast

2. Gde zhi angedoyen

You are talking fast

3. Wde zhi angedot

H/s is talking fast

4. Nde zhi angedomen.

We (-) are talking fast

5. Gde zhi angedomen

We (+) are talking fast.

6. Gde zhi angedom

You all are talking fast

7. Wde zhi angedowat

They are talking fast.

Some more words and phrases

Nio – My Body

Inalienable Possession does not mean you are possessed by aliens. 

It is a linguistic term that describes the Potawatomi world view on the parts of one’s body.

Something that is “Alienably Possessed” can be separated from its owner, it can be “alienated.”

Something that is “Inalienably Possessed” cannot be separated from its owner.

In English, you can just say Arm, Leg, Head, Nose, Feet, Hands, Etc.

In Potawatomi you cannot.  You have to specify WHOSE body the body part belongs to.

In Potawatomi, body parts are inanimate because they require the rest of the body to function, and they are considered “dependent” nouns because you have to add affixes to them to show who they belong to and what they are doing.

As beginners, you should memorize at least the Nin and Gin forms of the body parts.

                             My                                     Your

Head                  nshtegwan                      gshtegwan

Ears                     ntogen                             gtogen

Eyes                    nshkizhgon                     gshkizhgon

Nose                   njash                                 gjash

Mouth               ndon                                 gdon

Hands                nnejen                             gnejen

Fingers               nnejisnen                        nnejisnen

Arms                   nnekén                            gnekén

Legs                    nkadén                            gkadén

Feet                    nzedén                            gzedén

Toes                    nzedésnen                     gzedésnen

                             Singular                           Plural

Nin                    Ntog                                Ntogen

Gin                     Gtog                                 Gtogen

Win                   Wtogen                          Wtognen

Ginwa               (Gtogmewa)                   Gtogmewan

Ninan               (Ntogmenan)                 Ntogmenanen

Ginan                 (Gtogmenan)                Gtogmenanen

Winwa               (Wtogmewan)               Wtogmewanen

(You wouldn’t say Y’all’s Head, or Their Head, you would only use the plural forms.  The singular forms are listed as examples only.)

Using Body Parts in verb phrases

Ndep – My head (another word.)

Gdep – Your head

Ndékwé – I have a headache

Nyekwkwes – I am very tired

Ngi kijdebé – I have a sore head

Gi kijdebé ne? – Do you have a sore head?

Ngi kij jané                      I have a sore nose

Nmeskwiwjané             I have a bloody nose

Ngi kij wibet                   I have a sore tooth

Ngi kij wibtan                I have sore teeth

Ngi kij damken I have a sore jaw

Ngi kij denmagen          I have a sore shoulder

Ngi kij pegwen               I have a sore back

Ah, wéte ggigij!             Boy, are you a cry baby!

Ndodapnezo                  I am cramping

Ndo dapjigwenezo      My knee is cramping up

Ndo dapkadnezo          My leg is cramping up

Ndo dappegwenezo    My back is cramping up

Ndo dapnkwegenezo  My neck is cramping up

Ndo dapneknezo          My arm is cramping up

Ndo dapnejezo             My finger is cramping up

Ndo dapbwamnezo     My thigh is cramping up

Gdo  dapnezyen ébmadziyan – You’re cramping my style!

Ni pi je ni gtognen?      Where are your ears?

Baknen ni gtogen         Open your ears.

Ndakwes nwibet           I have a toothache  (my tooth is sick)

Ngi bok janéshen         I broke my nose

Ngi janagnama              I broke his/her nose

Ngi bok janégnamek   H/s broke my nose

Ngi bok ndamken         I broke my jaw

Ngi bok kanéshen        I broke my bone

Ngi bok kadéshen        I broke my leg

Ngi bok nekéshen        I broke my arm

Ngi bok gweshen          I broke my neck

Ngi bok gwébena         I broke h/h neck

Ggi migadi ne? Were you fighting?

Ngi wépodago               I was hit

Ngi knéshkak                 I was made senseless

Some More Vocabulary On Sickness.

Napnewen                      sickness

_______________nde na pne              I have the_____________________

_______________nde na pne men    We have __________________ (excl.)

_______________na pne wak              H/S has___________________

_______________na pne wek              They have ________________ (excl.)

_______________gde na pne men     We have __________________ (incl.)

ni je ena pne yen?        ______what ails you?

ni je ena pne yen?        ______what sickness do you have?

ni je ena pne yek?        ______what ails you people?

ni je ena pnet?              ______what sickness does h/s have?

ni je ena pne wat?        ______what do they have? (sickness)

ni je ena pne ygo?        ______what is wrong with us?

Bigéch dyét

Cold butt

Meskwa dyé

H/h red butt

Ngzhibi jané

My nose itches

Ngizhibi kadé

My leg itches

Ngtem gné

My joints are stiff

Ni je éshewébzet o mbibis – what’s the matter with the baby

Mdwé janémgwam

Snoring-the sound of noise when sleeping

Gi zhash ge gwé ne

Did you vomit?

Gwi zhash ge gwé ne

Are you going to vomit?

Gi zhabshkawnen ni minen

The blue berries gave me diarrhea

Kwéshmon

Rest!

Nwi kwéshmo

I’ll rest

Gwi kwéshmomen

We’re going to rest

Yak no gék depik

They’re sick in the head

Yakme dem ndep

My head hurts

Mno zhe wébes

I’m in good health

Wdéokwé

Headache

Dewkwé

Headache

Megwa she anwe

I’m still feeling fine      

Mnobmades

I’m feeling well/I’m in good health

Ndaknoga

I’m sick

Shken jéno

Hold my hand.

Zhapkawzo o bibis

The baby has diarrhea

Sick

Sick s.o. is                                             verb ai. ndakwenoga (I am sick)

Sick (alternate)                                    verb ai. mnoyesi

Sick (alternate)                                    verb ai. yaknoge

to get sick s.o. does                           verb ai. webapene

Sick s.t. makes s.o.                              verb. mankagwen

Sickness                                               noun. Pene’ewen

Sickness (alternate) noun.        yaknogewen (same as disease)

Lesson 11:  Cho mno yési. I don’t feel good.

NdaknogaI am sick
Gdaknoga ne?Are you sick?
Yaknogé o penojéThe baby is sick
Yaknogék gi gigabéyekThe boys are sick
NdaknogamenWe are sick
Ngi zhashkegwéI vomited
Gi zhashkegwé o ngwesMy son threw up
NzhapkawesI have diarrhea
Zhapkawze o gigyagoThe girl has diarrhea
NdewkwéI have a headache
NyekwkwesI am tired
Dewkweze o ndenimMy husband is tired
Kikibgosh o penojéThe baby is very sleepy
Ndakmetem nmesetMy stomach hurts
Nde zostemI am coughing
Ngi jechamI sneezed
Zostep o gigyagoThe girl has a cough
Jechamo o gigabéThe boy has the sneezes
Ngi wépodagoI got hit
Ngi knéshkakI was knocked senseless (fainted, concussion)
Ngikij janéI have a sore nose
Ndakmetem njoshMy nose is sore
Ngijij wibtanéI have sore teeth
Ndakmetem nibetMy tooth is sore
Ndakmetem nibdenMy teeth are sore
Ngi bokjanéshenI broke my nose
Ngi bokkadéshenI broke my leg
Ngi boknekéshenI broke my arm
NmeskwiwjanéI have a bloody nose
NmeskwiwtogéMy ears are bleeding
Mshkekiwnene nwi o wabma nomekI’m going to go see the doctor in a little while
Mshkekiwgemek nge zhyaI am going to the clinic/hospital

Let’s have a look at some of these unique words:

NounsVerbsOther wordsParticles
Penojé – babyYaknogé – to be sickO – “that” with an animate noun, “go do” in front of a verbNe – question particle
Gigabéyek – boysZhashkegwé – to vomitGi – “those” with animate plural noun, “past” with a verbNgi – I “did” something, or we “did”, check verb
Ngwes – my sonZhapkawze – have diarrheaNomek – in a little whileNde – I or we are “doing something”
Gigyago – girlDewkwé – have a headache Nwi – I or we “will do” something
Gigabé – boyYewkweze – be tired Nge – I or we are “about to do” something
Ndenim – my husbandKikibgosh – be sleepy  
Nmeset – my stomachYakmetem – a body part is sore  
Njosh – my noseZostep – to cough (very irregular verb)  
Jané – nose constructJechamo – to sneeze  
Wibtané – teeth constructWépodago – to get hit  
Nibet – my toothKnéshkak – rendered unconscious  
Kadé – leg constructGikij – a body part is sore *requires body part construct form  
Neké – arm constructBok – a body part is broken *requires body part construct form  
Togé – ear constructMeskwiw – a body part is bleeding *requires body part construct form  
Mshkekiwnene – doctorWabma – see someone  
Mshkekiwgemek – clinic/hospitalZhya – go  

What can we learn?

  1. Yaknogé is irregular.  Because it begins with a Y, the “de” tense makes a contraction.  This often happens with verbs that start with Y or W.  A related verb, Yakmetem, which is specific to the body part that is sick or hurt, does the same, and becomes Ndakmetem.
  2. Many sickness verbs are irregular.  Zostep is a verb of coughing, but to say I am coughing, you say “nde zostem.”  Jechamo is a verb that drops the “o” at the end, so Nde jecham means I am sneezing.  Zhapkawze changes the ending to Nzhapkawes if you want to say “I have diarrhea.”
  3. There are other words for sickness, such as Napnewen or Pené’éwen.  These words for sickness describes a long-term chronic illness.  Yaknogéwen is a short term acute illness. 
  4. Knowing how to use and recognize body part construct forms is important when describing various conditions.  Let’s look at this in detail:

Manipulating Body Parts

To Review:  In Potawatomi grammar, most body parts are considered inanimate.  This is because the body, which is animate, is the sum total of its parts, and individual body parts do not function on their own without the rest of the body. 

Body parts are also considered “inalienably possessed,” which has nothing to do with aliens, but means simply that they cannot be given away.  This means you will very rarely see words for body parts on their own without referencing WHO the body part belongs to.  To get around this in conversations, there are construct forms of body parts.  When using these, the construct forms often form body-based verbs.

Body PartConstruct Form
Nibden – My teethYabdé –  teeth
Nenji – my handNejé – hand
Nzet – my footZedé – foot
Njash – my noseJané – nose
Ndon – my mouthDoné – mouth

Let’s look at body part constructs vs. descriptive verbs:

NgikijdebéMy head is soreNdakmetem ndep/nshtegwanI have a sore head
NgikijjanéMy nose is soreNdakmetem njashI have a sore nose
NgikijnekéMy arm is soreNdakmetem nekI have a sore arm
NgikijkadéMy leg is soreNdakmetem nkatI have a sore leg
NgikijdonéMy mouth is soreNdakmetem ndonI have a sore mouth
NgikijyabdéMy teeth are soreNdakmetem nibdenI have sore teeth
NgikijzetéMy foot is soreNdakmetem nzetI have a sore foot

Let’s use this opportunity to highlight some of these unique verbs:

Ngi jechamI sneezedNgi zostemI coughed
Ggi jecham ne?Did you sneeze?Ggi zostem ne?Did you cough?
Gi jechamoHe/she sneezedGi zostepHe/she coughed
Ngi jechamenWe- sneezedNgi zostepmenWe- coughed
Ggi jechamenWe+ sneezedGgi zostepmenWe+ coughed
Ggi jechamom ne?Did y’all sneeze?Ggi zostebem ne?Did y’all cough?
Gi jechamokThey sneezedGi zostemwikThey coughed
    
Ngi zhashkegwéI threw upNgi zhapkawesI had diarrhea
Ggi zhashkegwé ne?Did you throw up?Ggi zhapkawes ne?Did you have diarrhea?
Gi zhashkegwéHe/she threw upGi zhapkawzeHe/she had diarrhea
Ngi zhashkegwémenWe- threw upNgi zhapkawzemenWe- had diarrhea
Ggi zhashkegwémenWe+ threw upGgi zhapkawzemenWe+ had diarrhea
Ggi zhashkegwém ne?Did y’all throw up?Ggi zhapkawzem ne?Did y’all have diarrhea?
Gi zhashkegwékThey threw upGi zhapkawzikThey had diarrhea
    
NdaknogaI am sickNdewkwéI have a headache
Gdaknoga ne?Are you sick?Gdewkwé ne?Do you have a headache?
YaknogéHe/she is sickDewkwéHe/she has a headache
NdaknogamenWe- are sickNdewkwémenWe- have a headache
GdaknogamenWe+ are sickGdewkwémenWe+ have a headache
Gdaknogam ne?Are y’all sick?Gdewkwém ne?Do y’all have a headache?
YaknogékThey are sickDewkwékThey have a headache

One more:  To say I caught a cold, you say “Ngi tkech.”  This is an idiom.

Assignment:  Use these phrases to describe the last time you or a family member were sick. 

The Moon has an effect on the weather

The Thirteen Moon Calendar Of The Neshnabe’k

BC: Before Columbus.

Indian moons are (28) day cycles

Example: 28 X 13 = 364 days

Indian Calendar:

1st Moon    (Bbongizes) The moon of the snow and blizzard.

2nd Moon   (Kchenodengizes) The moon of the winds.

3rd Moon    (Zisbakdokegizes) The moon of maple sugar.

4th Moon    (Gtegankegizes)  The moon of planting time.

5th Moon   (Waskonedogizes)  The moon of the flowers.

6th Moon   (Demengizes)  The moon of strawberries.

7th Moon   (Nodnokigizes) The moon of the gentle breezes.

8th Moon   (Kcheshategizes)  The moon of the hot weather.

9th Moon   (Kishkashkijigegizes) The moon of the harvest.

10th Moon  (Bnakwigizes) The moon of falling leaves.

11th Moon  (Kwemigizes) The moon of the frost.

12th Moon  (Ksenyamgizes)  The moon of the cold weather.

13th Moon  (Agmosekgizes)  The moon of the snow shoes.

Indian Calendar:

1st Moon    (Bbongizes) The moon of the snow and blizzard.

2nd Moon   (Kchenodengizes) The moon of the winds.

3rd Moon    (Zisbakdokegizes) The moon of the making of maple sugar.

4th Moon    (Gtegankegizes)  The moon of planting time.

5th Moon   (Waskonedogizes)  The moon of the flowers.

6th Moon   (Demengizes)  The moon of strawberries.

7th Moon   (Nodnokigizes) The moon of the gentle breezes.

8th Moon   (Kcheshategizes)  The moon of the hot weather.

9th Moon   (Kishkashkijigegizes) The moon of the harvest.

10th Moon  (Bnakwigizes) The moon of falling leaves.

11th Moon  (Kwemigizes) The moon of the frost.

12th Moon  (Ksenyamgizes)  The moon of the cold weather.

13th Moon  (Agmosekgizes)  The moon of the snow shoes. 

One possible scenario for Upper Midwest.

1st moon       1st half of January

2nd moon      February

3rd moon       March

4th moon       April

5th moon       May

6th moon       June

7th moon       July

8th moon       August

9th moon       September

10th moon     October

11th moon     November

12th moon     December

13th moon     2nd half of January

Another possible scenario for Lower Midwest.

1st moon       2nd half of December

2nd moon      January

3rd moon       February

4th moon       March

5th moon       April

6th moon       May

7th moon       June

8th moon       July

9th moon       August

10th moon     September

11th moon     October

12th moon     November

13th moon     1st half of December

Ode Gizos Msenegen

This moon Paper or calendar in English

different calendars for various regions

Months:

MKO kIzES                           Bear Moon                                                 January

MKO kIzOS                           Little Bear Moon                                                 February

JEJAuK kIzES                      Crane Moon                                                 March

MZHWÉ kIzES                     Rabbit Moon                                                 April

DÉMEN kIzES                      Strawberry Moon                                                 May

MZHIKÉ kIzES                     Turtle Moon                                                 June

WiSHKet DAMEN kIzES   Sweet Corn Moon                                                 July

MINKÉ kIzES                       Blueberry Picking Moon                                     August

wZAWBOGYA kIzES          Yellow Leaf Moon                                                 September

BNAKWI kIzES                    Leaves Falling Moon                                                 October

PNÉ kIzES                             Turkey Moon                                                 November

pON kIzES                             Snow Moon                                                 December

Days of the weeks:

NEMÉ kISHÉK                      Prayer day                                                 Sunday

Ngot kishÉk                      one day                                                 Monday

Nizh kishÉk                        two day                                                 Tuesday

NswÉ kishÉk                      three day                                                 WeDnESday

NyÉw kishÉk                     four day                                                 Thursday

nyano kishÉk                   Five day                                                 Friday

Odanké kishÉk                town day                                                 Saturday

Some weather terms:

It’s raining outside today.                    Gmeyamget ngom zagech.

It’s going to rain tomorrow                 Gwi gmeyamget wabek mine weswabek

and day after tomorrow.

It’s a nice day outside.                         Mno gishget ngom zagech.

It’s warm outdoors today.                    Yabwamget zagech ngom.

It’s cold outdoors today.                      Ksen yamget ngom zagech.

It’s cloudy outdoors today.                  Ngwan kwet zagech ngom.

It’s windy outside today.                      Nshiw wa nmet ngom zagech.

It’s stormy today.                                 Niska det ngom.

It’s drizzling today.                               Gmno wes wen ngom.

It’s cool today.                                      Tke yam get ngom.

It’s hot today.                                       Gsha tem get ngom.

It’s going to be a nice day.                   Wi mno gishget.

It is really hot today.                            Kwan se ge gzha tem get ngom.

It’s windy today.                                   Noden ngom.

It is unbearably hot!                            Wiska kte mget!

It is a clear sky today.                          Mzhe kwet ngom.

Clouds are coming.                              Bidan kwet.

It’s a really nice warm day.                 Kwan se ge mno gish get.

The wind is beginning to blow.           We ba nmet.

There is a tornado coming.                 Waw yas to e zhe byat.

It’s a really clear sky.                          Kwan se ge mzhe kwet.

The wind is blowing in all

directions.                                            Nsho na da nmet.

It’s slippery outdoors today.                Zho shkwa mget ngom zagech.

It is melting today.                               Nge dem get ngom.

Its’ smokey outdoors today.                 Bkwe nem get ngom zagech.

It’s going to be a really hot day.          Gwi pich gzha tem get gnom.

It’s snowing today.                               Boni mget ngom.

It’s really going to snow tomorrow.    Gwi kche bonimke wabek.

It’s really clear today.                          Kche mzhekwet ngom.

Ni je ezhewebek ibe edayek?               What is it like where you folks live?

The moon has an effect on the weather.

Some weather terms:

It’s raining outside today.       Gmeyamget ngom zagech.

It’s going to rain tomorrow       Gwi gmeyamget wabek mine weswabek

and day after tomorrow.

It’s a nice day outside.      Mno gishget ngom zagech.

It’s warm outdoors today.     Yabwamget zagech ngom.

It’s cold outdoors today.     Ksen yamget ngom zagech.

It’s cloudy outdoors today.       Ngwan kwet zagech ngom.

It’s windy outside today.     Nshiw wa nmet ngom zagech.

It’s stormy today.        Niska det ngom.

It’s drizzling today.         Gmno wes wen ngom.

It’s cool today.              Tke yam get ngom.

It’s hot today.               Gsha tem get ngom.

It’s going to be a nice day.      Wi mno gishget.

It is really hot today.           Kwan se ge gzha tem get ngom.

It’s windy today.             Noden ngom.

It is unbearably hot!         Wiska kte mget!

It is a clear sky today.      Mzhe kwet ngom.

Clouds are coming.        Bidan kwet.

It’s a really nice warm day.      Kwan se ge mno gish get.

The wind is beginning to blow.    We ba nmet.

There is a tornado coming.    Waw yas to e zhe byat.

It’s a really clear sky.      Kwan se ge mzhe kwet.

The wind is blowing in all

directions.               Nsho na da nmet.

It’s slippery outdoors today.     Zho shkwa mget ngom zagech.

It is melting today.          Nge dem get ngom.

Its’ smokey outdoors today.       Bkwe nem get ngom zagech.

It’s going to be a really hot day.    Gwi pich gzha tem get gnom.

It’s snowing today.           Boni mget ngom.

It’s really going to snow tomorrow.    Gwi kche bonimke wabek.

It’s really clear today.      Kche mzhekwet ngom.

Ni je ezhewebek ibe edayek?       What is it like where you folks live?

Very useful phrases

Useful Phrases… 

Nin I, me, my, mine 

Gin You, your, yours 

Win He/she, her/him 

Ninan We – u 

Ginan We + u 

Ginwa Ya all 

Winwa Them, they 

Gé ninan Us too 

Gé winwa Them too 

Gé ginwa You all too 

Gé nin Me too 

Ode This Node These 

I That Ni Those 

Éi That over there Éni Those over there 

Ode This Gode These 

O That him/her who Gi Those 

Ago That over there Égi Those over there 

Ode wnagen Node wnagnen 

I wnagen Ni wnagnen 

Éi wnagen Éni wnagnen 

Ode kewézi Gode kewéziyek 

O kewézi Gi kewéziyek 

Ago kewézi Égi kewéziyek 

Neshnabé ne gdaw 

Éhé neshnabé ndaw 

Ni je ne énwéyen 

Bodéwadmi shkwongenek ndoch bya  Shkwongen (shkwengen) 

Wiyé o ne gdekwéyom ?  wiye weye  

Ni je pi ne ga wicheweyen ? 

Gde penojem ne 

Ni je etse ponok ga widge’eyek 

Wika shna ngi giwé Wika shna nwi giwé 

I was late in getting home. I will be late getting home  

Wika shna ngi mba 

I slept late/I slept in. 

Wika shna nbya Wika shna nde bya       Wika shna nwi bya   

I’m going to be late I’m late/I’m arriving late I will be late  

Mamey shna nbya Gaga shna nbya  

I’m going to be early I’m going to come soon  

Ni je o éshegnonat /Ni je éshegnot 

Who is that that called/Who called ? 

Ni je éktot? 

What is he/she saying? 

Ni je gaktot?  

What did he/she say? 

Ni je ga mbyégét 

Who wrote? 

Ni je i bostonwen? 

What’s in the mail? 

Bostogas ggi byénayen 

You got a letter 

Bostonwen ggi byénayen 

You got a package 

Ni je temget ne i wabnotakjegen pkonyak? 

What’s on TV tonight? 

Ni je ézhechkéyen pkonyak? Ni je éschegéyen pkonyak  

What are you doing tonight? 

Ni je wa zhechkéygo pkonyak? 
What are we doing tonight? 
 

Gwi zhechkén kego zhena ne pkonyak? 
Are you doing anything tonight? 
Tomorrow Wabek 

Today Ngom 

Day after tomorrow Weswabek 

Ni pi je ne ni nmkesnen?  Ndo mkesnen 

Where are my shoes, boots ? 

Coat Nbiskewagen 

Hat Ndeswiwkwan 

Keys Nshkapke’genen 

Ggi wton ne shkwadémek gbiskewagen?    

Did you put your coat away? 

Hat Gdeswiwkwan 

Cap Gwiwkwan 

Keys Gshkapke’egen(en) 

Ni pi je ga toyen i?  Where did you put it? 

Byédweshen i shegnonajegéwen 

Bring me the phone 

Bostonwen Mail 

            Mnekwéwen Drink 

Anet gapi Some coffee 

Anet wisnewen Some food 

Ggi zibyéngé ne?  GZI – scrub/wash   ZIBI  

Did you do the laundry? 

Ggi zibyédon ne i nbiskewagen? 

Did you wash my shirt? 

Pants Gbediyen 

Socks Ngokmedasnen 

Ni pi je ga wje toyen ndo gokmedasnen 

Where did you put my socks ? 

Keys Nshkapke’gnen 

Shoes Nmkesnen 

Zagech byéton i zigwébnegnen 

Take the garbage out. 

Zagech nwi byédon i zigwébnegnen 

I’m taking the garbage out 

Mbiwéyan ni gtegéwnen   

I’m watering the plants 

Nshema o nemosh 

I’m feeding the dog 

Nde shema o mbibis 

I’m feeding the baby 

Migwéch se node waskonedonen 

Thank you for the flowers 

Migwéch se wa je shemgoyak shemgoyan  

Thanks for feeding us feeding me  

Migwéch se i mijem 

Thanks for dinner 

Migwéch se i ga wje zhechkéyen 

Thanks for doing that  

Migwéch se i ga wje zhechkéshen 

Thanks for doing that for me 

Neshka je pi 

Time to get up 

Ge maji pi 

Time to leave/go 

Mba je pi 

Time to go to sleep 

Ge wisne pi 

Time to eat 

Ézhiwton ni gbiskemwenen 

Put your clothes away 

Ézhiwton ni gchikazwenen 

Put your toys away 

Ézhiwton ni gwnagnen 

Put your dishes away 

Nwi o wabma mshkekiwnene   nwi zhya odanés 

I’m going to see the doctor 

Dentist Wibtawnene 

Mall Odanés 

Library msenegewgemek 

Nwi zhya ngyéyom édat 

I’m going to my mother’s home. (where my mother lives) 

Nwi zhya n’osen édat 

I’m going to my father’s home (where my father lives) 

Émbwach’ewéwat nde penojéyek 

My children are visiting 

Émbwach’ewéwat nde nosemések 

My grandchildren are visiting 

Nasena!  Éspeki!   

Watch out!  A spider!   

Nasena!  Amo!   

Watch out!  A bee!  

Wgi zgebge a shen 

It bit/stung me! 

Ngi kites égi zgebge a ot o amo 

It was sore where the bee stung me 

Nyézanzik jayék gode mnedoshések 

These insects are all dangerous/powerful. 

Nwi odanké wabek égishpnedoyan/éshketoyan anet ode nChristmas mingaswenen 

I will shop tomorrow and buy/do some of my Christmas gifts. 

Énénmego se Merry Christmas mine émno wépomgék 

We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year 

Ni je i myagzewen? 

What’s that smell? 

Ndengatoshen I shonyas 

I’m wasting what little money I have 

Chicago ngi zhya jo Milwaukee ngi zhya si 

I went to Chicago but not Milwaukee 

Ruby ngi byena jo je Linda 

I brought Ruby but not Linda 

Njim wi byewak ni je nwi maji 

Jim is coming but I am leaving 

Wi byewak nwi maji je 

He is coming but I am going 

Rocky wi bye jo je nin 

Rocky is coming but I am not 

Jo Carla ngi bye na si Dolores ngi bye na  

I didn’t bring Carla, I brought Dolores 

Jo Ed gi bye si shote Kevin gi bya ma shna 

Ed didn’t come here, but Kevin came though 

Mike wi byewak Holly je nwi maji 

Mike is coming but Holly will leave 

Gkadze o Don nesh je mno zhewebze 

Don is rich but he is good 

Wdo dabyane pene je wi bmose 

He has a car but he walks everywhere 

Jo abje mbwakasi wewene shede’a 

He isn’t very clever but he has common sense 

Bwaka o gigabe jo wi mjig we genet 

That boy is clever but not stubborn 

Bob ngi bye na jo wi nleon 

I brought Bob, not Leon 

Nwi odankenaben nesh je nmeno she webzesi 

I was going to go to town but I’m not well 

Mbwaka Thomas mjigwe gen je yawe 

Thomas is wise but he is stubborn 

Wshkege mbwaka je wi she 

He is young but wise 

Ruthiye jo wi zhya si nin je wi zhe nwi zhya 

Ruthiye is not going but I am 

Thomas jo wi zhya si nin wi zhe nwi zhya 

Thomas is not going but I am 

Gkadze o nene mno zhe webze 

That man is rich but he is good 

Gkadze o kwe nesh je mno zhewebzet 

That woman is rich but she is good 

Jo wi zhya si nin wi zhya 

He’s not going, I am  

Da zhya Nathan yakwnoge je 

Nathan would come but he’s sick 

Nin se wi zhe ngi zhya 

But I went 

I ma zhe 

It must be! 

Nin ma nde benma o 

I’m (emphasis) the owner 

Nin se nde ket 

I say that! 

Nin ma nde bendan i 

I (emphasis) own that 

Nin ma nde ket 

I’m (emphasis) the one saying it! 

Wepenet si wi I da je zhyat weye gameyek 

It’s easy if somebody wanted to go across 

Nin se wi zhe ngi zhya 

But I went 

Byédon I gdenen ma 

I told you (emphasis) to bring it 

Pene ma bmose wdo dabyane se wi zhe 

She always walks although she has a car 

Most of the little words

Most used words in Bodwe’wadmimwen

Tenses

Wi                                    future (will or want to)

Ke/ge                               future (not as strong)

Ta/da                               future (can, should, could)

Ki/gi                                 past (have or did)

Ki/gi gish                         past already

Wa                                   future (subordinate form)

Ga                                    past (subordinate form)

Da gi                                should have

Particles, by category.

Negative

Jo                                     no, not

Jo wi                                not (emphatic)

Jo mamda                       not possible

Jo wika                            never

Jo weye                            no one

Jo gégo                            nothing, zero

Jo mshe                           not yet

Jo ngoji                           nowhere

Gégo                                don’t

Affirmative

Éhé                                  yes (northern)

Konegé                            yes (southern)

Adverbial

Mégwa                             still

Mojma                             irregardless, anyway

Mamkach                        have to

Gimoch                            secretly

Néyap                              back, same

Nanbén                            too late

Nawech                            at the same time

Gégpi                               finally, at last

Ayapen                            the same

Abje                                 very

Abdég                              have to, be necessary that

Neko                                used to

Iw yédeg                          must be

Gnebej                             maybe

Bama                               later, wait

Bama pi                           later

Débnag                            carelessly

Égaj                                 take it easy, slow down

Éshkem                           harder. more intense

Gaga                                almost, soon

Gawa                               hardly, scarcely

Gnewésh                          for a long time

Kyénep                            hurry up, go quickly

Nangodgen                      sometimes, once in awhile

Pi                                      unit of time

Mamkaj                           have to

Mamey                            early, soon

Mano                               let him/her, anyway, its all right                              

Locative

Ibe                                    there

Ézhi                                 over there

Shote                                here

Bijbyék                            in the water

Bijigwan                          inside something

Giwta yégwan                 around something

Jigakwa                           at the edge of the woods

Jigatek                             by trees

Jigbyék                            by the water, on shore

Kwedbyék                       on the water

Kwejbyék                        on top of the water

Nambyék                         under the water

Namkemek                      under the ground

Namsek                           in the basement, under the floor

Nanaw yégwan               in the middle of it

Nbené yégwan                on one side of something

Nekmek                           everywhere, different places

Ngoji                                anywhere, somewhere

Pemé yégwan                  on the side of something

Shkwé yégwan                at the end, the last

Shpemek                         above, in the air. Heaven

Shpemsegok                    somewhere up above

Zagje yégwan                  outside of it

Zhiw, zhi                         there

Nominal

Bbon, pon                       year

Pronominal

Dwe                                  kind, sort

Gégo                                something, anything (inanimate)

Jak gégo                          everything

Jo gégo                            none, nothing (inanimate)

Jo weye                            no one, nobody

Mje gégo                          trouble, bad thing

Weye                                someone, somebody, something (animate)

Wégwdegwén                  whatever, I wonder what (inanimate dubitative)

Wégwdegwéndek           whatever, I wonder what (inanimate dubitative)

Wégwén                           whoever, someone, something (animate interrogative)

Temporal

Bbonog, ponog               last winter

Dgwagog                         last fall

Égme-bbon, égme-pon   every winter

Égme-gishek                   every day

Égme-niben                    every summer

Égme-waben                   every morning, every dawn

Gaggé                              forever. implying eternal

Gizes                                month

Keshéb                            early in the morning

Kewé                                first

Shkweyégwan                 last

Directional

Aizhok                             back and forth

Aidwegmeg                     on both sides of the house

Aidwe-yégwan                on both sides

Azhwe-yégwan                on the other side, beyond

Azhokne                          across the road

Azhodaki, azhodakig     over the hill

Azhogmeg                       behind the house

Azho-odan                      across town

Azhwekwe                       beyond the woods

Azhegamdés                    on the other side of the room

Azhweseg                        in the next room

Béshoj                              close

Bijigwan                          inside of something

Bideg                               indoors

Bke-yégwan                    off to the side

Bnoj                                 far away

Gojeg                               outdoors

Jigateg                             by trees

Jiggemeg                         near a house or lodge

Jigigwan                          near here

Jig-mbes                          next to the lake

Jig-myéw                         next to the road

Jig-odaneg                      near town

Jig-shkwedé                    by the fire

Jig-zibe                            next to the river

Kwédagon                       on top of the snow

Kwédajwen                     upstream

Kwedaki                          uphill

Kwédbeg                         on the roof

Kwédbyég or kwéjbyég on the water

Kwéjgemeg or kwédgemeg      on top of a house

Kwéjigwan                      on top

Mchig                              in the open, on the ground

Adjectival

Énwég                              better

Anwe                               all right, okay

anasab, nasab                 the same

Ashteg                             next, in turn

Babkan                            all different

Bkan                                different

Nsheké                             alone

Wzam                              too much

Nwéch                              more

Weshmé                           more

Neshna                            any old way

Dédénewé                        of ones’ own, in a close relationship

Géte                                 surely

Quantifiers

Anet                                 some or part

Mine anet                        some more

Mine ngot                        another

Mjésh                               many, a lot

Ne ish                              both

Ayanet                             some of each

Jag, jak                            all

Jayég                               all

Abte                                 half

Bgéji                                a little

Jag gégo                          all, everything

Jag weye                          everyone

Mamwé                            together, in all, in total

Dso                                   a certain number, a certain amount, so many, so much

Measurement

Dbégas                             an inch

Dbégen                            hour, yard, mile, a large measurement

Abte                                 half

Abtoshkas                       twenty five pound bag

Abtoshken                       fifty pound bag

Gishkbojgen                   bushel

Ngot-gishkbojgen           one bushel

Modey                             gallon

Ngodokek                        one painful

Ngodoshkas                    one little sackful

Ngodoshken                    one sack, one sackful

Ngodwabyék                   one piece

Ngodwadswabyék          six pieces

Ngodwéwan                    one pair, one set

Ngod dégas                     one minute

Ngod dbégen                   one mile

Ngod gizes                       one month

Ngod kiwés                     one acre

Ngod kwénamwas          one second

Ngod nemégizhek           one week

Ngod zet                          one foot

Nswabyék                        three pieces

Nizhwéwan                     two pairs, two sets

Nsek                                 three times

Nyanek                            five times

Nyano bbon                    five years

Nyano dbégas                 five minutes

Nyano dbégen                 five hours

Nyano gizes                     five months

Nyano kwénamwasek    five seconds

Nyano nemégizhek         five weeks

Nyanogwen                     five days

Nyanwabyék                   five pieces

Nye’w dbégen                 four hours

Nye’wabyék                    four pieces

Nyéwek                            four times

Nyéwgon                         four days

Numerical

Éko-nisheg                      the second

Politeness

I gwien, I gwshe gwiyen thank you (southern)

Migwéch                          thank you (northern)

Mojma                             please

Gazha                              please

Wéwéne                           thank you, it is right, proper

Indefinite

Weye                                someone

Gégo                                something

Ngoji                                someplace

Interrogative

Ne                                     (indicates a yes/no question)

Wéni je                            who

Wéni                                who?

Wégni je                          what

Wégni                              what?

Ni je                                 how—-why

Ni je na                            how are you

Ni pi je                             where, where?

Ni pi                                 where?

Ni je wpi/ni jo pi             when, when?

Ni wpi                              when?

Ni je wi                            why, why?

Ni je dso                          how much, how many?

Wa?                                 Huh?, what?

Predicative

Se (se wi, se wi zhe)                 

Iw pi                                that’s when

Iw dso                              that’s how much

Yé                                     that’s it (used with iw, niw, etc., for example,

                                         I ye’ I, “that’s it!”)

Discourse

Migwéch                          thanks (Northern)

Wéwéne                           thanks (Southern, Pokagon Band)

Bozho                              hello (accompanied by a handshake)

Ahaw                               okay (in agreement)

Na                                    emphatic

Zhena                              emphatic

Zhe                                  emphatic

Gwshe                              emphatic (possibly means “obviously”)

Iw je                                 and then

Wi                                    empahtic

Conjunctions

Mine                                and

Je                                     but, and

Iw je                                 and then

Gé                                    too, also

Je wi zhe                          but

Wi zhe                             but

Anaké                              either, or

Gishpen                           if

Ma                                   but

Ma wi                              but (ma used with emphatic wi)

Interjections

Haw, hau                         well, so

Ahaw, ahau                     okay, (in agreement)

Hé                                    hey, so!

Iyo                                    hey! Ouch!

Kwansegkemeg               terrible! (women use) amazing, surprising

Mamkadkemeg               terrible! (women use) amazing, surprising

Téya, wa téya                  my gosh! (men use)

Other

Bégesh, bégesh na          wish that

Iw je pi                            then

Bgosénjegé                      hope for

Dodaské                          beseech, ask with great imploring

Verbs of saying

Verbs of saying

Kedot   (ai)  say

Yajmod (ai)  tell

Yajdot  (ti)  tell of s.t. to s.o.

Widmat  (ta)  tell s.t.s.o.

Wawidmat   (ta)  promise s.o. s.t.

Natewat   (ta) ask s.o.s.t.

Verbs of belief

Debwetek   (ai)  believe

Debwetagwzet  (ti) sounds believable h/s does

Debwewendek  (ti)  believe in s.t.

Debwewenmat   (ta)  believe in s.o.

Nendek   (ai)  think a certain way

Nendek   (ti)  think a certain way of s.t.

Nendan (ti) think of something

Nenma  (ta) think of s.o.

Nenmat  (ta)  think a certain way of s.o.

Verbs of doubt

Yawneyendek  (ai)  not believe 

Yagwneyendek  (ti)  not believe of s.t.

Yagwneyenmat  (ta)  not believe of s.o.

Verbs of pretending

Zhewebzikazot   (ai)  pretend to be thus

Wyezh’at  (ai)  fool

Wyezhmat  (ta)  fool s.o.  (into thinking)

Verbs of emotion

Gisadendek   (ai)  be sorry

*Gisadendek  (ti)  be sorry about s.t.

Gisadenmat  (ta)  be sorry about s.o.

Myanendek  (ai)  be sad

Myanendek  (ti)  be sad about s.t.

Myanenmat  (ta)  be sad about s.o.

*Mnewendek  (ai) be glad

*Mnewendek   (ti)  be glad about s.t.

Mnewenmat   (ta)  be glad about s.o.

Gshkonwezet   (ai)  be surprised

Gshkonwendek  (ti)  be surprised at s.t.

Gshkonwenmat  (ta)  be surprised at s.o.

Nshkadzet  (ai)  be angry

Nshkadendek  (ai)  be angry

Nshkadendek   (ti) be angry about s.t

Nshkadenmat   (ta)  be angry about s.o.

Verbs of knowing

Gkendek  (ti)  know s.t.

Gkenmat  (ta) know s.o.

Mkek  (ti)  discover s.t.

Mkewat  (ta) discover s.t.

Minawendek   (ai)  realize

Minawendek  (ti)  realize s.t.

Minawenmat  (ta)  realize of s.o.

Mikwendek  (ai) find out

Mikwendek  (ti) find out about s.t.

Mikwendemat (ta)  find out about s.o.

Wnendek  (ai)  forget

Wnendek  (ti) forget s.t.

Wnenmat  (ta)  forget s.o.

Napwek  (ai)  dream

Napwedek (ti) dream of s.t.

Napwanat  (ta) dream of s.o.

Nabjeget  (ai)  see things

Nabdek  (ti)  see s.t.

Nabmat  (ta)  see s.o.

Nodaget  (ai)  hear things

Nodek  (ti)  hear s.t.

Nodwat  (ta)  hear s.o.

Verbs of fearing

Gwtek  (ti)  fear, be afraid of s.t.

Gwsat  (ta)  fear, be afraid of s.o.

*Wdetendek  (ti)  worry about s.t.

Wdetenmat  (ta)  worry about s.o.

Nagazet   (ai)  be anxious

Verbs of desiring

Ndewendek  (ai)  desire, want

Ndewendek  (ti)  desire, want s.t.

Ndewenmat   (ta)  desire, want s.o.

Verbs of manipulation

Wikwzomat  (ta)  persuade s.o.

Yanme’at  (ta)  threaten s.o.

Widmewat  (ta)  tell s.o. to do s.t.

Bgednat  (ta)  let s.o. do s.t., allow

Ndojget  (ai)  request things, ask

Verbs of ability/achievement

Gshketot   (ti)  be able to do s.t.

Gshke’at  (ta)  be able to do s.t., with respect to s.o.

Verbs of avoidance/failure

Zhagwenmot  (ai)  avoid doing s.t.

Yanwewzet  (ai)  fail to do s.t.

Verbs of perception

Wabdek  (ti)  see s.t.

Wabmat  (ta)  see s.o.

Wawabdek  (ti)  watch s.t.

Wawabmat  (ta) watch s.o.

Nodek  (ti) hear s.t.

Nodwat  (ta)  hear s.o.

Mosh’ek  (ti)  feel s.t.

Mosh’at  (ta)  feel s.o.

There are many more verbs of this type…..we are only examining a few of the listed ones to become familiar with them….

On learning a language

One cannot learn a language by simply using a dictionary but must use other words and affixes, along with tense markers, etc., to learn how to use phrases. Here is a sample of what to do. I shall post other things in here each week, as there are 12 weeks in all to these lessons.

12 weeks of Activities of Daily Living

OVERVIEW

Week 1:  Waking up.

Pronoun focus:  Nin

Verbs:  Doki, Neshka, Bsegwi, Jibdebe, Madmo

Noun:  Mbagen                           Locative:  Mbagnek

  1.  Verb phrases using assigned verbs
  2. Noun phrases using mbagen
  3. Note:  English is not Potawatomi, we don’t “Make our bed” in Potawatomi.
    1. Zheto vs. Mneschege
  4. Numbers 1-12 – What time did you wake up?

Week 2:  Wash up.

Pronoun focus:  Nin and Gin

Verbs:  Gsinjin, Bkezo, Gziyabdé, Mbiwe

Nouns:  wash cloth, toothbrush                         Locative:  Eje Gzinjik

  1.  Verb phrases using assigned verbs
  2. Simple yes/no questions using “ne” with Gin verbs
  3. Potawatomi is not English, we don’t have a sink, we go to the place we wash our hands. 
  4. Potawatomi is not English, many adjectives like Mbiwe are verbs in Potawatomi.

Week 3:  Get Dressed

Pronoun focus:  Nin and Gin

Verbs:  Biskem, Bisken, Biskonye, Gisken, Giskonye

Idioms:  Bidkesnen, Bijdasen

Nouns:  biskewagen, biskemwenen, mjegode, gbediyen, gokmedasen, mkesnen, wiwkwan

  1. Verb phrases about dressing, wearing, getting dressed
  2. Ni pi je etemget
  3. Mine and your

Week 4:  Eat Breakfast

Pronoun Focus:  Nin, Gin, Win

Verbs:  Wisne, Zaskokwana/dan, gisen/wa

Nouns:  wawnon, negshisen, kesanen, mkedewabo, gapi, ti, washkpek, nonagnabo, penyek

  1. Phrases using verbs, using me, you, and he/she
  2. Explanation of animate and inanimate and why different verbs are used for different things.

Week 5 and 6:  Go to Work, Go to School

Week 5:  Go to Work

Pronoun Focus:  Nin, Gin, Win, Winwa

Verbs:  Zhya, Maji, Wzhita, Mikjewi, Anoki, Wenkwenge, Bose

Time Words:  gBegishek, Egmegishek, ngom, wabek, wnago, Wika, mami, bama

  1.  Phrases on coming and going , driving and riding
  2. Work phrases
  3. Time phrases

Week 6:  Go to School

Pronoun Focus: Nin, Gin, Win, Ginwa

Verbs:  Skono, zhya, bya, maji, wzhita, kendan, kendem, bsedon/wa

Adverbs:  Neyap, Debnak, Sneget, Abdek, Mamkach

  1. Phrases on coming and going, listening, learning
  2. Using adverbs like difficult, carelessly, also expressing “have to”
  3. Difference between you and y’all

Week 7:  Getting Home

Pronoun Focus:  Ninan and Ginan

Verbs:  Giwe, Zhadge, bya, nweshmo, zhechke, zhewebze/zhewebek

Idioms: Gijdasen, Gidkesen

  1. Ni je ga je zhechkeyek ngom?
  2. Ni je ga zhewebek ngom/ni je ga zhewebsiyen ngom?  Ni je ga je zhikasyen?
  3. Answering those questions in we forms

Week 8:  Eating Dinner

Pronoun Focus:  All 7

Verbs:  zeschegen, Mijen, Mwa, Table gestures

Nouns:  Common Foods

  1. Whats for dinner
  2. Table Gestures

Week 9:  Clean up

Pronoun Focus:  All 7

Verbs:  Binjege, Bindon, Gzi-, Mneschege, zigwebdan, zagejepton

Nouns:  Table vocabulary

Idioms:  Using Potawatomi thought instead of English thought

  1. Clean off the table
  2. Do the dishes
  3. Take the trash out, maybe sweep or mop floor

Week 10: Entertainment, Homework

Pronoun Focus:  All 7

Verbs:  Wawidan, Gedaso, mbwach’ewe, kewabdan wabdan,

  1. Reading, writing, arithmetic
  2. Watching tv
  3. Visiting with each other
  4. Check the mail

Week 11:  Monkey Business

Pronoun Focus:  all 7

Verbs:  Ndakmetem, yaknoge, madmo,

Nouns:  body parts, common ailments

  1.  My ______________ hurts
  2. First aid
  3. Preventive maintenance

Week 12:  Go to bed

Verbs:  weshen, mba

Nouns:  blankets, clothes

  1. Wi ne mban – why “ne mban”
  2. -shen for laying down vs. -shen for table gestures
  3. Let’s wind this down.

WEEK 1: Wake up! 

Pronoun focus:  Nin

Verbs:  Doki, Neshka, Bsegwi, Jibdebe, Madmo

Noun:  Mbagen                   Locative:  Mbagnek

  1. Verb phrases using assigned verbs – 8 minutes
    1. Ngi doki
    1. Ngi neshkan
    1. Nwi doki
    1. Nwi neshkan
    1. Nwi bsegwi
    1. Ngi bsegwi
    1. Netem nwi madmo
    1. Shote nde jibdeb
  2. Noun phrases using mbagen – 6 minutes
    1. Ode se mbagen
    1. Mbagen yawen
    1. Mbagnek nde jibdep
  3. Note:  English is not Potawatomi, we don’t “Make our bed” in Potawatomi.   – 4 minutes
    1. Zheto vs. Mneschege
    1. Nwi o mneschegen i mbagen
    1. Ngi mneschege
    1. Ode ngi wzheton
  4. Numbers 1-12 – What time is it?  – 12 minutes
    1. Ngot, nish, nswe
    1. Ni je tso yawek
    1. Dbegenek
    1. Ngotwatso dbegenek ngi doki